Religion in the Americas began 2250 BC

Archaeologists combing rubble in an arid river valley that spills out onto the central coast of Peru have uncovered a 4,000-year-old gourd fragment that may represent the oldest religious object ever found in the Western Hemisphere.

It bears an etched or burned image of what has come to be known as the "staff god" - a deity whose squat, half-human, half-animal visage adorns urns and temple walls from Andean cultures spanning thousands of years.

The find "pushes back the emergence of the oldest known Andean religion by more than 1,000 years," says Winifred Creamer, an anthropologist at Northern Illinois University and a member of the team that discovered the object.

The region's myths assign the staff god the role of creator. Yet the find also may help tell a larger story, archaeologists say - one that points to the Norte Chico region as the cradle of Andean civilizations that culminated in the Inca empire. At their height in the early 1500s, Incas ruled the largest empire on Earth.

By contrast, during the third millennium BC "you have small hunter-gatherer bands and fishing villages" throughout today's Peru, says Jonathan Haas, curator of North American anthropology at the Field Museum in Chicago and a member of the research team. "Then you find this giant monster in Norte Chico - cities with large circular plazas, monumental architecture, and now a divinity figure. That's extraordinary."

In the figure he calls "our little man," Dr. Haas says "you're seeing mythology, archaeology, and iconography coming together to open a window on the emergence of religion, which goes hand in hand with the emergence of centralized societies."

The researchers discovered the fragment last July when they were sorting through a looted burial site in the Pativilca River Valley. If the fragment had been clay, the condition of the site would have made it difficult to associate the fragment with a particular time. But the teams' fragment came from a plant, in this case a softball-sized gourd, so it provided its own time reference for radiocarbon dating. The fragment, one of two decorated gourd fragments the team found, dated to 2,250 BC The team, which includes Alvaro Ruiz, codirector of the Norte Chico Archaeology Project, reported its find in a brief notice in the current issue of Archaeology magazine, which hit the streets this week.

The staff-god image is a "motif with a long and broad history throughout several Andean cultures," says Dr. Ruiz. Typically, the deity is shown face-on, with fangs in its mouth and clawed feet. Snakes often appear as part of the deity's headgear or clothes. "Most commonly, the deity is depicted holding a staff in one or both hands, hence its name."

Last year's find has proved to be an auspicious kick-off for the 12-year project, which aims to explore the Norte Chico region as thoroughly as possible. Although archaeologists have known about the region for roughly a century, it didn't draw persistent attention until the mid-90s, when Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady Solis began exploring the nearby Supe Valley. Two years ago, Dr. Solis collaborated with Haas and Dr. Creamer, his wife, on a site called Caral. At the time, Caral emerged as the oldest urban site in the Americas, dating back to 2670 BC. The valley held at least 17 other sites, two potentially as large as Caral. This find prompted Hass and others to wonder what was on the other side of the valley ridges. "We wanted to see what the whole system looked like," he says. So far, the team has identified 26 Caral-like sites in three other valleys, including Pativilca. Thirteen have been dated to periods ranging from 2,700 BC to 2,200 BC. The team is heading back this year to determine dates for seven more.

The region's apparent emergence as the birthplace of Andean cultures paralleled similar developments in other parts of the world, Haas explains.

"Mesopotamia had been around for 1,000 years. The first pyramids were being built in Egypt and in the Andes. Basically, we see the Andes as coming up within the same time frame as everybody else," he says. In Norte Chico, "seeing cultural development going along and now seeing the religious component laid on top of that is really enriching our story."