In the wake of the American-led invasion immediately after the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan needed to establish a plan for how it would govern itself and how international forces would be a part of the country's future. In December 2001 prominent Afghans met in Bonn, Germany, and created the transitional government, a path for how to draft a constitution, and a permanent government.
Members of the former Islamist government were not invited to participate, a decision that many Afghans say led to the eventual Taliban resurgence and ongoing insurgency here.