In Pictures: On Kolkata’s trams, a journey through the city’s ‘soul’

At its peak, the electric tram in Kolkata, India, operated on 52 different routes. Though just two lines remain in service today, the system is getting fresh support from climate activists as an affordable, eco-friendly transportation option.

Ahmer Khan

April 20, 2023

As electric trams slowly rumble through the vibrant neighborhoods of Kolkata, formerly known as Calcutta, they take the passengers on a journey back in time. Part of the cultural fabric of the city for more than a century, the tram system has been allowed to atrophy for a lack of riders. Now, enthusiasts and climate activists are fighting to keep tram service as an eco-friendly transportation option. 

“Trams are a great way to reduce emissions in the city,” says Debasish Bhattacharyya, president of the Calcutta Tramways Users’ Association (CTUA). “In a time of climate crisis, we need to embrace modes of transport that are sustainable and efficient.” 

The first horse-drawn trams appeared in the 1880s, during British colonial rule; next came steam-powered cars. Electrified trams arrived in the early 1900s. They were a popular and inexpensive means of travel.

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Kolkata’s aging trams point toward a climate solution – but more importantly, for others, they also provide a reminder of a “simpler and slower” time.

“I have been riding trams for as long as I can remember,” says Pranab Chakraborty, who is in his 70s. “It reminds me of my childhood, when life was simpler and slower.”

For about 15 rupees ($0.18*), trams offer a window into the city’s past of colonial buildings, grand mansions, beautiful bookstores, and old markets. Traveling this way offers passengers an opportunity to sample local cuisine, from savory street foods to traditional sweets. 

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As Mr. Chakraborty puts it, “The trams may be old, but they are still an integral part of Kolkata’s soul.” 

With fares ranging from 7 to 15 rupees ($0.84 to $1.80) per passenger, the tram is the most economical means of transportation available in India.
Ahmer Khan
Trams vie with buses on the streets of Kolkata, India, a city of 15 million people that is also one of the most polluted in the world. Supporters say eco-friendly trams should remain part of the transit mix.
Ahmer Khan
Despite nearly a century of popularity, tram ridership has fallen off. Passengers wanting a faster trip choose the metro or bus. But trams have an indelible link to the history and culture of Kolkata.
Ahmer Khan
For the past 30 years, Arghyadip Ghosh has worked as a conductor for Kolkata Tramways, following in the footsteps of his father.
Ahmer Khan

Editor's note: This photo essay has been updated to correct the U.S. dollar value of the tram fare. Fifteen rupees is the equivalent of $0.18.