During winter recess, Democrats keep Congress in session to thwart Bush

The tactic is a result of a 'press for presidential power,' some analysts say. But it's too early to tell whether the use of pro forma sessions will mean no more recess appointments by the president.

At high noon on Jan. 3, Sen. Mary Landrieu (D) of Louisiana is on tap to open and close the Senate – an exercise that should take about 25 seconds.

But the political impact of this pro forma session – one of 11 that Democrats have scheduled until the Senate reconvenes on Jan. 22 – is bigger than time elapsed on the clock.

Even with President Bush and Congress out of town, warfare between the two branches continues.

By staying in session, however briefly, the Senate preempts potential recess appointments that could fill terms for the rest of the Bush presidency.

It's a procedural tactic that Senate Republicans considered in the early 1990s to prevent recess appointments by the Clinton administration.

But this session marks the first time the tactic has been carried out all through the typical holiday recess.

"Polarization and divided government is a formula for this kind of interbranch rivalry," says Julian Zelizer, a congressional historian at Princeton University in Princeton, N.J.

"We had the government shutdown under President Clinton. But the added factor you have now – more so than in the 1990s – is a phenomenal press for presidential power. The Senate won't leave town because there is no more trust that the president will respect the institution of Congress," he adds.

Political analysts say it's too early to tell if this new procedural weapon means that recess appointments are a thing of the past. Mr. Bush has made 165 recess appointments, most recently on Oct. 15, according to the US Senate Historical Office. During his eight years in office, Mr. Clinton made 140, including 53 between sessions of Congress.

"It's yet another precedent that Democrats are setting for the new president that they might come to regret," says Don Stewart, a spokesman for Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell.

Some 43 federal judicial vacancies are pending, including 13 appeals court vacancies. "Historically, that's not an exceptionally high number. But for some circuits, such as the Fourth Circuit, where all the terror cases have been brought, there are five vacancies out of 15 judges," says Carl Tobias, a law professor at the University of Richmond in Richmond, Va. "It used to be considered the most conservative court in the country. If a new president gets to appoint five of 15 judges, it dramatically shifts the balance on that court."

But Democrats say that the highest stakes interim appointment that is preempted by these pro forma sessions involves a key position at the Justice Department. Senate Democrats are opposing the nomination of Steven Bradbury to head the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, on the grounds that Mr. Bradbury helped draft a controversial 2002 memo on torture.

In addition, four recess appointments at the Federal Election Commission expired last month – leaving the six-member board short of a quorum to operate. Democrats opposed the nomination of one interim appointee, Hans von Spakovsky, citing concerns over his commitment to voting rights for African-Americans. Democratic Sens. Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Barack Obama of Illinois have put a hold on the nomination, and Senate Republicans say that all four nominees must move together.

"It's not a good moment to have the FEC in limbo, just as the presidential election heats up," says Professor Zelizer. "You don't want to have it further stifled by Congress and the president not being able to function."

But the winter of discontent between Congress and the White House is thawing on at least one point: Aides on both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue expect a quick fix to the fiscal year 2008 defense authorization bill that will allow Bush to sign it.

Last week, the president announced that he intended to veto the bill, citing provisions that would interfere with Iraq's reconstruction efforts.

The Armed Services committees are gearing up to fix the bill early in the new session of Congress. "There is recognition that this is an issue that does need to be fixed. We need to make sure that Iraq has the ability to continue to reconstruct and rebuild," says White House Deputy Press Secretary Scott Stanzel.