Most important, Friedman says, are the lessons of the Challenger and Columbia accidents, which killed a combined 14 astronauts within a 17-year period.
"Risk human life where it's worth the cost, and don't risk it when it isn't," he says, adding that launching satellites, as the shuttle did initially, doesn't require a human presence in orbit. Exploring new worlds, by contrast, can benefit significantly from boots on the surface.